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Warisan Rezim Fasis Franco Spanyol hingga Suharto, Memetik Pelajaran Untuk Genosida 1965-1966Di Posting Oleh : Berita Dunia (Ibrahimdera)
Kategori : Franco Spanyol Suharto
A Spanish lesson for Indonesia’s 1965 - ABOEPRIJADI SANTOSO
Spain’s memory politics and obsession with the nation’s self-image should inspire Indonesia as the nation will commemorate the half-century anniversary of the massacre next year. After all, Suharto was a Franco-like fascist. And, like in Spain, a number of human rights organizations in Indonesia, too, have since 2000 attempted to reverse the process of amnesia and impunity. However, even in post-Reformasi Indonesia, the society is not prepared to review the role of our Salamanca’s nor to tolerate the Royo’s. Indeed there have been attempts to hold seminars and conciliatory public meetings to find lessons learned by inviting various past-protagonists’ relatives such as children of the 1965-killed generals, of the Darul Islam – and of the PKI (Indonesian Communist Party) leaders. They were not exactly equivalents, though, of Salamanca and Royo.
Estimates of executions behind the Nationalist lines during the Spanish Civil War range from fewer than 50,000[50] to 200,000[124] (Hugh Thomas: 75,000,[125] Secundino Serrano: 90,000;[126] Josep Fontana: 150,000;[127] and Julián Casanova: 100,000.[18][128]). Most of the victims were killed without a trial in the first months of the war and their corpses were left on the sides of roads or in clandestine and unmarked mass graves.[129][130] For example, in Valladolid only 374 officially recorded victims of the repression of a total of 1,303 (there were many other unrecorded victims) were executed after a trial,[131] and the historian Stanley Payne in his work Fascism in Spain (1999), citing a study by Cifuentes Checa and Maluenda Pons carried out over the Nationalist-controlled city of Zaragoza and its environs, refers to 3,117 killings, of which 2,578 took place in 1936.[132] He goes on to state that by 1938 the military courts there were directing summary executions.[132]
Many of the executions in the course of the war were carried by militants of the fascist party Falange[133] (Falange Española de las J.O.N.S.) or militants of the Carlist party (Comunión Tradicionalista) militia (Requetés), but with the approval of the Nationalist government.[134]
After Franco's death, the Spanish government approved the Spanish 1977 Amnesty Law (Ley de Amnistia de 1977) which granted a pardon for all political crimes committed by the supporters of the Francoist State (including the White Terror)[262] and by the democratic opposition. Nevertheless, in October 2008 a Spanish judge, Baltasar Garzón, of the National Court of Spain authorized, for the first time, an investigation into the disappearance and assassination of 114,000 victims of the Francoist State between 1936 and 1952.[263] This investigation proceeded on the basis of the notion that this mass-murder constituted a Crime Against Humanity which cannot be subject to any amnesty or statute of limitations.[264] As a result, in May 2010, Mr. Garzón was accused of violating the terms of the general amnesty and his powers as a jurist have been suspended pending further investigation.[265] In September 2010, the Argentine justice reopened a probe into crimes committed during the Spanish Civil War and during Franco's reign.[266] Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch,[267] the Council of Europe[268] and United Nations have asked the Spanish government to investigate the crimes of Franco's reign.[269]
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Road to Impunity: The Absence of transitional justice Programs in Spain
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Road to Impunity: The Absence of transitional justice Programs in Spain
Rafael Escudero* (ditulis tahun 2014)
ABSTRACT This article analyzes the ongoing process of recovering Spain's historical memory and building a transitional justice agenda to end the impunity of crimes against humanity committed during the Francoist dictatorship. Over thirty years after the transition to democracy, based on an agreement to silence and forget, a social movement that challenges the narrative of successful democratization has interrupted Spain's political landscape. Victim associations, relatives, and citizens who support the recovery of historical memory have generated a debate about how to deal with the dictatorial past. In 2007, the Spanish Parliament passed the Historical Memory Act to recognize and enhance victims' rights. However, victims and victim associations criticized the Act severely due to the absence of mechanisms that guarantee the implementation of a transitional justice agenda, including a failure to investigate the past or create a truth commission. In the wake of a 2012 Spanish Supreme Court decision, which asserts that it is legally impossible to conduct a judicial investigation into the crimes committed during the Francoist dictatorship, it appears that Spain is now further than ever from achieving this goal.
Paloma Aguilar. Associate Professor
of Political Science, UNED, Spain
Clara Ramírez-Barat. Senior Research Associate,
International Center for Transitional Justice, USA
Kimberly Josephson Thesis
IN DEPTH REPORT DW.COM
In Spain, a lawsuit has been filed against Gonzalez Pacheco, a torturer in the Franco era - the first of its kind. Around a dozen other victims are expected to follow. Santiago Saez reports from Madrid.
Spanish lawmakers have voted in favor of moving the remains of dictator General Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen mausoleum in central Spain. The site is regarded as a relic from Franco's reign.
Hundreds of monuments and plaques across the Spanish capital dedicated to the Franco era may be removed if Madrid’s government has its way. As Martin Delfin reports, the controversy is opening historic wounds.
AKHIRNYA, FRANCO DIGUSUR
Spanyol, salahsatu dari sedikit negara yang melangkah jauh dalam mengatasi trauma Kejahatan HAM Serius (dlm Perang Saudara 1936-39) dgn UU Memori Historis (2007), akhirnya akan membongkar dan menggusur jasad diktator Franco dari mausoleum di Madrid. Pemerintah baru Spanyol, pimpinan Partai Sosialis, yg menggantikan pemerintahan Ravoy yg konservatif, memutuskan menjalankan keputusan-tidak-mengikat parlemennya. Satu langkah maju utk menepis sisa-sisa puja-puji terhadap salahsatu diktatur terlama di Eropa. (AS)
New Socialist government wants to convert mausoleum in Valley of the Fallen to place ‘of memory for all Spaniards’ - The Guardian
Symbolic resolution approved to remove El Caudillo’s remains from mausoleum, but for some it is more than a little late
65 years on, relatives have begun to recover the hidden Republican victims of the Spanish civil war
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The Hidden History Of The Spanish Civil War - Journeyman Pictures
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Video: 40 years on, Franco's ghost still haunts Spain
Paul Preston Longlife Research
By Paul Preston Professor of Contemporary Spanish Studies, LSE
Professor Paul Preston’s lifelong research
Seeking justice for forgotten victims of the Spanish Civil War
‘The Spanish Holocaust,’ by Paul Preston
The New York Time Book Review
British historian Paul Preston's new book makes an invaluable contribution to our understanding of the Spanish Civil War, and the systematic policy of rape, murder and repression that was carried out by Franco's forces
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Lain-lain
By Lisa Abend
Germany had the Nuremberg trials. Italy took justice into its own hands by executing Mussolini and hanging him upside down in Milan's Piazzale Loreto. France prosecuted its Vichy collaborators in a series of contentious trials that stretched into the 1990s. On Oct. 16, it was finally Spain's turn. Spanish dictator Francisco Franco died 33 years ago, but it was only this week that Judge Baltasar Garzón of the National Court declared him and his cronies guilty of crimes against humanity and authorized a long-awaited investigation into their misdeeds.
Prosecuting Judge who Challenged Amnesty Undermines Accountability
Spain stonewalls on Franco-era abuses
The government, Congress and the courts are ignoring the UN's demand for action
Simak 400 ‘entry’ lainnya pada link berikut
Daftar Isi Perpustakaan Genosida 1965-1966
Road to Justice : State Crimes after Oct 1st 1965 (Jakartanicus)
Road to Justice : State Crimes after Oct 1st 1965 (Jakartanicus)
Definisi yang diusulkan D. Nersessian (2010) untuk amandemen/ optional protocol Konvensi Anti-Genosida (1948) dan Statuta Roma (2000) mengenai Pengadilan Kejahatan Internasional. (disalin dari Harry Wibowo)
Definisi yang diusulkan D. Nersessian (2010) untuk amandemen/ optional protocol Konvensi Anti-Genosida (1948) dan Statuta Roma (2000) mengenai Pengadilan Kejahatan Internasional. (disalin dari Harry Wibowo)
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